Human metapneumovirus (hMPV), a respiratory infection gaining attention, is on the rise in India while cases decline in China. The virus, first detected in late 2024, can cause severe symptoms, including pneumonia and bronchitis, particularly in vulnerable populations. Though not highly contagious or pandemic-prone, hMPV’s flu-like symptoms often lead to confusion with illnesses like COVID-19. With no cure or vaccine currently available, understanding hMPV is vital for managing and preventing complications.
This article explores key questions about hMPV with insights from leading pulmonologists, Dr. Harish Chafle and Dr. Manisha Mendiratta.
What is Human Metapneumovirus?
HMPV is a respiratory virus belonging to the pneumoviridae family, similar to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). It spreads through the respiratory tract, infecting cells lining the airways. The virus causes inflammation, leading to symptoms such as cough, fever, sore throat, and breathing difficulties.
How Serious is hMPV?
According to Dr. Mendiratta, hMPV symptoms range from mild to severe. Healthy individuals often experience flu-like symptoms such as sore throat, fever, and fatigue. However, infants, older adults, and people with weakened immune systems are at higher risk of developing serious complications like pneumonia or bronchitis. Monitoring symptoms is essential, especially for those in vulnerable groups.
How Does hMPV Spread?
The virus spreads through respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes. It can also survive on surfaces, making hand hygiene crucial in reducing transmission. Unlike highly contagious illnesses, hMPV spreads at a moderate pace but still requires vigilance, particularly in areas with increasing cases.
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Can hMPV Be Prevented?
Prevention relies on maintaining good hygiene. Washing hands frequently, wearing masks in crowded spaces, and avoiding close contact with infected individuals are effective measures. Disinfecting frequently touched surfaces can also minimize the risk of spreading the virus.
What are the Treatment Options?
Dr. Chafle emphasizes that no specific treatment exists for hMPV. Care focuses on managing symptoms. Patients with mild illness may recover with rest, hydration, and over-the-counter medications for fever or cough. Severe cases, particularly those involving pneumonia, require hospitalization and oxygen therapy.
Who is at Risk?
Infants, older adults, and individuals with chronic illnesses or weakened immune systems are most vulnerable to hMPV complications. People with underlying respiratory conditions, such as asthma or COPD, face additional risks. Early detection and medical intervention are critical for these groups.
How is hMPV Diagnosed?
Healthcare providers diagnose hMPV through a combination of clinical evaluation and lab tests, including PCR tests that detect the virus in respiratory samples. Timely diagnosis ensures appropriate care and reduces the risk of complications.
What Steps Can Be Taken to Control the Spread?
Public health efforts must focus on awareness, early detection, and symptom management. Communities should prioritize vaccination campaigns once a vaccine becomes available. Meanwhile, individuals can play a role by practicing preventive measures and seeking prompt medical advice if symptoms arise.
Looking Ahead
As hMPV cases rise in India, staying informed is key. Understanding the virus, practicing preventive care, and addressing symptoms early can help reduce its impact, especially on high-risk populations.
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