The National Institute of Health (NIH) issued an urgent advisory to control and prevent the spread of diphtheria, a highly contagious disease caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae. This toxin-producing bacterium primarily affects the throat, and in some cases, the tonsils.
The advisory comes amid a concerning rise in diphtheria cases and deaths across various regions of Pakistan. Health experts warn that the disease spreads more rapidly during the dry, cool season, increasing the need for immediate action to prevent further outbreaks.
The NIH stresses the importance of proactive prevention and control strategies. “Considering the recent increase in diphtheria cases and associated mortality, healthcare authorities must take proactive steps to halt ongoing transmission,” stated the advisory. The institute emphasized data-driven, evidence-based interventions as the most effective approach for disrupting the spread.
Key Recommendations for Healthcare Authorities
The advisory lays out several recommended actions:
Increase Vaccine Coverage: Strengthening immunization efforts is essential to protect vulnerable populations, especially young children.
Enhance Surveillance: Effective surveillance systems should be in place to allow early detection, reporting, and a timely response to diphtheria cases.
Ensure Proper Case Management: Managing cases with accurate diagnosis, diphtheria antitoxin, and appropriate antibiotics can reduce mortality.
Promote Public Awareness: Health education programs should inform the public about diphtheria symptoms, transmission, and the importance of vaccination.
Diphtheria Classification and Symptoms
The advisory provides an overview of diphtheria’s symptoms and classifications. The infection typically affects the throat and tonsils but can also involve mucous membranes, skin, and other areas, such as the nose, larynx, eyes, and genital region. Classifications, which include anterior nasal, pharyngeal, and tonsillar diphtheria, are important for accurate diagnosis and treatment.
High Risk Among Unvaccinated Children
Diphtheria affects people of all ages, but unvaccinated children under five are most at risk. The advisory reports a case fatality rate of 5-17% among unvaccinated individuals. Early detection, proper diagnosis through clinical and laboratory means, and effective case management with antitoxins or antibiotics are critical for saving lives.
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